Morrow Plots, Long Term Agriculutral Experiment, Illinois
Entry ID:
UI.Morrow
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Summary
Abstract:
The exact origin of the Morrow plots on the campus of the University of Illinois is obscure, but they are reputed to be the oldest continuous agronomic research study in the USA. Some evidence indicates that the plots were established in 1876, however the first yield records begin in 1888 when the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station began. Included with the records are notes stating that the ... plots were cropped during the previous 14 years in continuous corn, in a corn-oats rotation and a corn-oats-clover hay rotation. Not too long before 1876 the site would have been in native tall grass (big bluestem, Andropogon gerardi) prairie. In early field research studies it was common to not record yields until the studt reached equilibrium with the treatments. The plots are located in Champaign County, Illinois on the Bloomington ridged plain. This is a Wisonsinan-aged till plain that is covered with about one meter of Peoria loess. For sometime during and after the retreat of the last Wisconsinan glacial ice from Illinois some 12,000 years ago, the climate was cooler and wetter than at present. A rather warm, dry period 4,000-6,000 years ago led to an expension of grassland in the area. Since that time, the climate seems to have remained similar to that today. The elevation of the plots is about 225 m above sea level. The soil of the Morrow plots is Flanagan silt loam, a fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Arguidoll (USDA). Flanagan silt loam is a nearly level, dark coloured, somewhat poorly drained soil. Developed in 100-150cm of loess over loamy, firm Wisconsinan-age calcareous till. The A horizon is about 46 cm thick. Before the 1904 season, underground tile lines were installed in the plots to provide supplemental drainage. the experiment consists of three rotations: continuous corn, corn-soybean, and corn-oat-clover hay. All rotations have the following general treatments: 1) no amendments, 2) lime, lime-nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (LNPK), 3) Manure-lime-phosphorus (MLP). Rates have varied over the years. The measurements made, methodology, and frequency are listed below: a) Vegetation measurements made and frequency Yield: Yearly b) Soil sampling Details of soil sampling method: There has not been a systematic soil sampling scheme. Samples are taken by a variety of methods as appropriate and when necessary. Soil fertility samples are usually taken with a 3 cm tube from near the plot centre. Soil is separated into layers. Details of measuring depths and soil layers: No set methods. Samples have been taken over the years in a variety of ways. The deepest sampling exceeds 1 metre. Most samples are for the upper 25cm. c) Soil measurements made and frequency Total carbon: About every 5 years since 1904 Method of measuring total carbon: The analytical method is a modification of the method of Schollenberger which involves an oxidising solution of concentrated sulphuric acid/potassium dichromate at 175 deg. C for 90 seconds (see Schollenberger, C.J. Determination of soil organic matter. Soil Sci. 59: 53-56). Carbon measurements in other organic matter fractions: Once in 1956 Method of measuring carbon in other organic matter fractions: See Stevenson, F.J. (1956) Effect of some long-time rotations on the amino acid composition of the soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 20: 204-208. Total nitrogen: 10 yearly - sporadic Method of measuring total nitrogen: Kjeldahl method - Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agicultural Chemists, ed. 5, Washington D.C., 1940. Soil bulk density or weight: Sporadic on a limited number of plots. Method of measuring soil bulk density or weight: Clod method on 2 plots Other nutrients: Ca, Mg, K, Na - Extractable in weak acid Other measurements: Hg has been measured on plots (Jones & Hinesly, 1972 - see reference list). Aggregation measured on selected subplots (Darmody & Norton, 1994; Stauffer et al., 1940 - see reference list). d) Details of the meteorological station Nearest meteorological station to the site: Urbana (#118740) which is 3.2 km from the site at coordinates 88deg.14min.20sec. West, 40deg.05min.14sec. North Meteorological data is available from both a manual and an automatic station. e) Meteorological data available and frequency Rainfall: Daily Air temperature: Daily Soil temperature: Daily at 5 and 15 cm depth Wind speed: Hourly Net Radiation: Daily Sun hours: Daily Relative humidity: Daily Potential evapotranspiration: Daily measured/calculated by open pan f) Isotope measurements available and frequency Total soil carbon 14 measurements: Once to compare 1988 with 1944 Details of isotope measurements: Details in Hsieh, Y.-P. (1992) Pool size and mean age of stable soil organic carbon in cropland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56: 460-464. This information was compiled for the GCTE-SOMNET Database, Pete Smith, Pete Falloon, David Powlson, and Jo Smith. Soil Science Department, IACR-Rothamsted, UK.
Related URL
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Description:
This page provides very detailed information about the Morrow plots, as well as photographs, figures, and diagrams.
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Geographic Coverage
(Click for Interactive Map)
Spatial coordinates
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N: 40.2
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S: 40.0
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E: -88.2
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W: -88.24
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Min Depth:
SURFACE
Max Depth:
1 M
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Quality
a) Details of the plots Width of smallest plot is 55 m Length of smallest plot is 85 m Slope: 1.2% . Shape: Uniform Details of direction of cultivation: E-W at right-angles to the long-axis Width of Bare Strip around plot: 3m Details of homogeneity of the plots: See Darmody & Peck (1995) [see ... reference list] b) Details of replication, randomization and controls The experimental design is a factorial but is not randomized. Rotations and fertilizations are confounded with the order of the layout (details in The Morrow Plots - A Century of Learning, Bulletin 775 of Agric. Exp. Station, Univ. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). Archival files of more than 150 items relating to all known written accounts about this long-term study including the early establishment, field records, scientific papers, and news accounts are available in the University of Illinois Library Archives, University of Illinois Agricultural Library and Agronomy Department. 
Access Constraints
none
Data Set Progress
IN WORK
Personnel
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Phone:
217-333-9475
Fax:
217-333-9817
Email:
s-aref at uiuc.edu
Contact Address:
University of Illinois
Department of Crop Sciences
1102 South Goodwin Avenue
W-201 Turner Hall
City:
Urbana
Province or State:
IL
Postal Code:
61801-4798
Country:
USA
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Phone:
217-333-9489
Fax:
217-333-9817
Email:
rdarmody at uxl.cso.uiuc.edu
Contact Address:
University of Illinois
Department of Crop Sciences
1102 South Goodwin Avenue
W-201 Turner Hall
City:
Urbana
Province or State:
IL
Postal Code:
61801-4798
Country:
USA
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Phone:
217-333-9489
Fax:
217-333-9817
Contact Address:
University of Illinois
Department of Crop Sciences
1102 South Goodwin Avenue
W-201 Turner Hall
City:
Urbana
Province or State:
IL
Postal Code:
61801-4798
Country:
USA
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Phone:
217-333-9489
Fax:
217-333-9817
Contact Address:
University of Illinois
Department of Crop Sciences
1102 South Goodwin Avenue
W-201 Turner Hall
City:
Urbana
Province or State:
IL
Postal Code:
61801-4798
Country:
USA
Role:
DIF AUTHOR
Phone:
(301) 614-6898
Fax:
301-614-5268
Email:
Tyler.B.Stevens at nasa.gov
Contact Address:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Global Change Master Directory
City:
Greenbelt
Province or State:
MD
Postal Code:
20771
Country:
USA
Publications/References
Users of the ECMWF data sets are requested to reference the source of the data in any publication, e.g. "ECMWF ERA-40 data used in this study/project have been provided by ECMWF/have been obtained from the ECMWF data server".
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date:
2004-02-25
Last DIF Revision Date:
2009-04-20
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