Purdue University/Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing Vegetation and Soils Research Data Summary: Eric Stoner Soils(781701)
Entry ID:
PU.LARS.Stoner
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Summary
Abstract:
(taken from project description) Objective: The general objective of this study was to define quantitatively the relationships between soil reflectance and physiochemical properties of soils of significance to agriculture and engineering. Selection of soil samples with a wide range of important soil characteristics by statistical stratification of continental United States climatic zones permits ... the evaluation of climatic and genetic effects on the relationships between multispectral reflectance and these soil properties. A further objective is to define the relationships sufficiently to design further research to quantify the contributions which different soil components make to the multispectral characteristics of specific soils. Method: Because of the need to provide a uniform moisture condition for spectroradiometric analysis of the prepared soil samples, a procedure was chosen which creates a one-tenth bar soil moisturetension on all the soil samples (3,5). Two asbestos tension tables were constructed and a 100 cm column of water was established to create a soil moisture tension for up to 56 soil samples at one time. Sample holders were designed and constructed of plastic rings 2 cm deep by 10 cm in diameter with 60 mesh brass strainer cloth stretched taut and fastened in a countersunk groove in one end. Sample holders were painted with non-reflecting black paint to reduce unwanted reflection external to the target of interest. After saturation of the soil filled, leveled sample holders for about four hours, the samples were placed on the tension tables for 24 hours in order to reach equilibrium. The one-tenth bar moisture tension was desirable mainly for the ease with which large numbers of samples could be prepared at uniform moisture characteristics. Shortly after placement of each sample holder on the sample table of the reflectometer for spectral readings, a portion of the sample was transferred to a moisture tin, weighed, dried in a forced air oven at 105 C, weighed again, and moisture content reported as percentage of oven dry weight. Quantification of Soil Properties Modern soil classification systems emphasize the importance of information about the quantitative compositions of soils. In order to differentiate among soil groups, it is necessary to rely on laboratory measurements of selected soil properties. Physical, chemical, and engineering determinations of most soil properties follow well established procedures of laboratory analyses. Certain of these soil properties are selected as diagnostic criteria in the soil classification process, based on their importance in understanding the genesis of the soil. By a procedure of empirical correlation, critical limits between sets of soils are established, designed to reflect the influence of the soil forming factors of climate, parent material, relief, biological activity, and time. Quantitative measurements of soil spectral properties have become available as a diagnostic tool for the soil scientist with the advent of such instruments as the Exotech Model 20C spectroradiometer. However, the climatic and genetic effects on the relationships between measured spectral properties and specific chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil are not well understood. Whereas soil color is used as diagnostic criterion in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy (7), the determination of soil color by comparison with a color chart continues to be a rather nonquantitative and subject procedure. Spectral characterization of soil &color& by means of quantitative spectroradiometric measurements may add to the precision with which soils can be differentiated. With this increased precision of soil spectral characterization, the relationships with the more important diagnostic soil characteristics or qualities that are not so easily and accurately observed may be better understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Stratification and Sampling Approximately 250 soils, representing a statistical sampling of the more than 10,000 soil series in the United States were selected for this investigation. Selections were made from a list of the more than 1300 Benchmark soil series representing those soils with a large geographic extent and whose broad range of characteristics renders these soils so widely applicable for study. Stratification of soil sampling was based on series type location within climatic zones. Climatic strata included the frigid, mesic, thermic, and hyperthermic soil temperature regimes as defined by the U.S. Soil Taxonomy (2,6,7) as well as the perhumid, humid, subhumid, semiarid, and arid moisture regions as identified by Thornthwaite's 1948 Moisture Index (8). A random selection procedure was used within each stratified climatic zone to select a number of soils series approximately in proportion to the geographic extent of that region. Considerations were also made to include soils which represent the major parent material categories and the ten soils orders of the U.S. Soil Taxonomy (7). The Soil Survey Investigation Division of the Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA) cooperated with LARS in the collection of field samples from 39 states. Duplicate field samples were collected for all Benchmark soil series requested: one sample from a site near the type location for the current official series, and one sample from a site located from one to 32 kilometers from the first site and in a different mapping delineation. Natural Resource Conservation Service field survey personnel were responsible for sample collection of Benchmark soils in their locality. Of the original list of approximately 250 Benchmark soils requested, the NRCS has collected, properly identified, and forwarded 240 Benchmark soils, or 480 duplicate soil samples to LARS. This excellent response of over 95 percent of the requested samples forms an outstanding collection of soil samples for detailed chemical, physical, and spectral analysis. All samples conform to the central concept of each individual soil series as each soil would be identified and mapped by an experienced soil surveyor in the field. Preparation of Soils for Analysis After receipt of the soil samples and initial data logging, samples were dried, crushed, and sieved to remove all particles larger than 2 mm diameter. Cardboard containers were used to store subsamples of each soil sample for chemical, physical, spectral, and engineering determinations. Spectral Measurements The Exotech Model 20C was used in an indoor configuration with a bidirectional reflectance factor reflectometer (1,4) in order to obtain spectral readings in the 0.52-2.3 um wavelength range. The illumination source was a 1000 watt tungsten iodine coiled filament lamp which transfers a highly collimated beam by means of a paraboloidal mirror to the sample-viewing plane. Detector height above the sample was 2.4 m, and a 3/4 field of view required that the sample holder be approximately 10 cm in diameter. see &http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~frdata/FRData/data/& for additional information and to download the dataset.
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Description:
Data set access.
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Geographic Coverage
(Click for Interactive Map)
Spatial coordinates
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N: 51.0
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S: 23.0
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E: -58.0
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W: -128.0
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Temporal Coverage
Start Date:
1978-01-01
Stop Date:
1978-12-31
Access Constraints
none
Use Constraints
Please Notify Data Center if Data Are Used
Data Set Progress
COMPLETE
Personnel
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Phone:
(765) 494-3529
Fax:
(765) 496-2926
Email:
biehl at purdue.edu
Contact Address:
Purdue University
Department of Agronomy
Lilly Hall of Life Sciences
915 W State Street
City:
West Lafayette
Province or State:
Indiana
Postal Code:
47907-2054
Country:
USA
Role:
INVESTIGATOR
Role:
DIF AUTHOR
Phone:
(301) 614-6898
Fax:
301-614-5268
Email:
Tyler.B.Stevens at nasa.gov
Contact Address:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Global Change Master Directory
City:
Greenbelt
Province or State:
MD
Postal Code:
20771
Country:
USA
Publications/References
1. DeWitt, D. P. and B. F. Robinson. 1976. Description and evaluation of a bidirectional reflectance factor reflectometer. Information Note 091576, Laboratory for Applications of remote Sensing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 2. FAO-UNESCO. 1975. Soil map of the world, Vol. II: North America. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris.
3. Jamison, V. C. and I. F. Reed. 1949. Durable asbestos tension tables. Soil Science 67:311-318.
4. Leamer, R. W., V. I. Meyers and L. F. Silva. 1973. A spectroradiometer for field use. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44:611-614.
5. Leamer, R. W. and B. Shaw. 1946. A simple apparatus for measuring noncapillary prorsity on an extensive scale. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 33:1103-1108.
6. Smith, Guy D., Ranklin Newhall and Luther H. Robinson. 1964. Soil temperature regimes, their characteristics and predicatability. SCS-TP- 144. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Washington, D.C.
7. Soil Survey staff. 1975. Soil taxonomy -- a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil survey. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Agriculture Handbook No. 436, Washington, D.C.
8. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geograph. Rev. 38:55-94.
9. Stoner, E. R., M. F. Baumgardner, L. L. Biehl, and B. F. Robinson. 1980. Atlas of Soil Reflectance Properties. Research Bulletin 962. Agriculture Experiment Station, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date:
1999-08-25
Last DIF Revision Date:
2007-09-10
Future DIF Review Date:
2000-08-25
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