The role of antarctic marine protists in trophodynamics and global change and the impact of UV-B on these organisms

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Title: The role of antarctic marine protists in trophodynamics and global change and the impact of UV-B on these organisms

Description:

Abstract:

This is a parent metadata record for work carried out as part of ASAC/AAS project 40. See the child metadata records for further information. More than 95% of the biomass in the Southern Ocean is microscopic - single celled plants, animals, bacteria and viruses. We are studying the factors that control their distribution and abundance - oceanographic and seasonal conditions, their physiology, and grazing - in order to model their vital roles as food for other organisms and their influence in moderating global climate change through absorption of CO2 and production of DMS. We are also addressing the changes expected in microbial communities through effects of climate change - global warming, sea ice retreat, ocean acidification and enhanced ultraviolet radiation. This project aims to determine the role of microorganisms in the Southern Ocean. The major objectives are to: * Identify and quantify key protistan components of the Southern Ocean ecosystem and study their autoecology. * Identify environmental and ecological processes that control abundance of key microbial components. * Determine interactions between key microbial components to quantify major pathways of carbon flow. * Determine the activity and viability of bacterioplankton and protists in the Southern Ocean. * Distinguish different microbial communities by identifying key taxa and associations so that processes such as primary production, respiration, grazing and particle flux can be readily parameterised in ecological models. * Determine the effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on microbial populations and processes. Taken from the 2008-2009 Progress Report: Progress against objectives: 1. Ongoing sampling from Astrolabe has continued, with 3 return voyages being sampled for phytoplankton species, chlorophyll a and other pigments, coccolithophorid counts and DNA profiles, in conjunction with measurements of CO2, ocean structure, fluorescence and ocean colour by CSIRO / CRC colleagues. 2. Three sets of minicosm experiments were conducted at Davis station with 7 staff spending 4.5 - 5.5 months on site. These experiments consistently found that acidification caused blooms of nanoplanktonic diatoms and increased bacterial activity, apparently by inhibition of microheterotroph grazers, at the expense of larger cells that are more readily ingested by grazers such as krill. We showed for the first time in Antarctic waters that pCO2 affects the structure and function Antarctic microbial communities in a way that may reduce food availability to large grazers. Over 100 cultures of "winners and losers" from such experiments were isolated and returned to Australia. These will form the basis for further physiological experiments including molecular assays. 3. Submission and acceptance of 8 papers from the BROKE-West cruise (5 as senior author). These showed the interactions between bottom-up (micronutient) top-down (grazing) control in structuring microbial populations in the marginal ice zone. Five biogeographic zones were identified on the basis of species composition, and the productivity was measured for each zone. Microzooplankton grazing experiments found that grazing within that microbial loop consumed a significant proportion of new productivity. In some areas later in the season, all productivity was consumed by microheterotrophs, rather than metazoans such as krill. A time sequence was identified for seeding and development of components of ice edge blooms, subsequent grazing and decline and a mechanism postulated for export of micronutrients (e.g. iron) by grazing and sedimentation that prevents subsequent development of surface water blooms and constrains populations to a deep chlorophyll maximum below the level of a nutricline. 4. Detailed analysis of greater than 30 strains of keystone species Emiliania huxleyi of two morphotypes in conjunction with Clara Hoppe (Masters student, Alfred Wegener Institute) and Suellen Cook (PhD student, University of Tasmania) showed consistent differences between strains in terms of pigmentation, responses to light and genetics. The two morphotypes appear to be adapted to different mixing regimes north and south of the Polar Front; the southern form may represent a new species. For a full list of references associated with this project, see the project link at the provided URL.

Purpose:

Not Available

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Thomas D.P. 1983 Polylysine as an adhesive for the attachment of nanoplankton to substrates for electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy 131 1 127-129

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J. 1982 Antarctic marine nanoplankton. Australian Microbiologist 3 93

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Nicol S., Bindoff N., King R., Pauly T., Thiele D., Woehler E., Wright S.W. 1996 Preliminary results of a biological/oceanographic survey off the coast of East Antarctic (80-150E) carried out in Jan-Mar, 1996. Proceedings NIPR Symposium

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Higgins H.W., Mackey M.D., Mackey D.J., Wright S.W. 1997 Chemtex - a program for estimating class abundance from chemical markers. Application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton pigments. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Phycology and Aquatic Biology

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Wright S.W., Parker N., McMinn A. 1997 Southern Ocean phytoplankton community structure - HPLC and microscopy: a comparison. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Phycology and Aquatic Biology

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Wright S.W., Shearer J.D. 1984 Rapid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton. Journal of Chromatography 294 281-295

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Perrin R.A. 1986 Planktonic choanoflagellates from two Antarctic lakes including the description of Spiraloecion didymocostatum gen. et sp. nov. Polar Biology 5 207-210

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Nash G.V. 1986 Electron microscopy of gut contents and faeces of Euphausia superba Dana. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue 40 167-177

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., McEldowney A. 1986 Nanoplanktonic siliceous cysts from Antarctica are algae. Marine Biology 92 1 53-57

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H., Seppelt R., Doig F. 1986 Iced with life. Australian Natural History 22 3 102-109

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Wright S.W., Jeffrey S.W. 1987 Fucoxanthin pigment markers of marine phytoplankton analysed by HPLC and HPTLC. Marine Ecology Progress Series 38 259-266

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Davidson A.T., Marchant H.J. 1987 Binding of manganese by Antarctic Phaeocystis pouchetii and the role of bacteria in its release. Marine Biology 95 481-487

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Perrin R.A., Lu P., Marchant H.J. 1987 Seasonal variation in marine phytoplankton and ice algae at a shallow Antarctic coastal site. Hydrobiologia 146 33-46

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Booth B.C., Marchant H.J. 1987 Parmales, a new order of marine chrysophytes, with descriptions of three new genera and seven new species. Journal of Phycology 23 245-260

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Croome R.L., van den Hoff J., Burton H.R. 1987 Observations of the Heliozoean genera Pinaciophora and Acanthocystis (Heliozoea, Sarcodina, Protozoa) from Ellis Fjord, Antarctica. Polar Biology 8 23-28

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Davidson A.T., Wright S.W. 1987 The distribution and abundance of chroococcoid cyanobacteria in the Southern Ocean. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 1 1-9

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Jeffrey S.W., Wright S.W. 1987 A new spectrally distinct component in preparations of chlorophyll c from the micro-alga Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 894 180-188

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J. 1993 Antarctic marine nanoplankton. Menon J. Current Topics in Botanical Research 1 189-201

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Perriss S.J., Laybourn-Parry J., Marchant H.J. 1995 The widespread occurrence of populations of the unique autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Ciliophora: Haptorida) in brackish and saline lakes of the Vestfold Hills (eastern Antarctica). Polar Biology 15 423-428

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Booth B.C., Marchant H.J. 1988 Triparmaceae, a substitute name for a family in the order Parmales (Chrysophyceae). Journal of Phycology 24 124

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J. 1990 Grazing rate and particle size selection by the choanoflagellate Diaphanoeca grandis from the sea-ice of Lake Saroma KO, Hokkaido. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology. Polar Biology 3 1-7

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., van den Hoff J., Burton H.R. 1987 Loricate choanoflagellates from Ellis Fjord, Antarctica including the description of Acanthocorbis tintinnabulum sp. nov. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 1 10-22

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Walker T.D., Marchant H.J. 1989 The seasonal occurrence of chroococcoid cyanobacteria at an Antarctic coastal site. Polar Biology 9 193-196

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Buck K.R., Garrison D.L., Thomsen H.A. 1989 Mantoniella in Antarctic waters including the description of M. antarctica sp. nov. (Prasinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 25 167-174

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Scott F.J. 1993 Uptake of sub-micrometre particles and dissolved organic material by Antarctic choanoflagellates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 92 59-64

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Perriss S.J., Laybourn-Parry J., Marchant H.J. 1993 Mesodinium rubrum ( Myronecta rubra ) in an Antarctic brackish lake. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 128 1 57-64

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Davidson A.T., Marchant H.J. 1994 Comparative impact of in situ UV exposure on productivity, growth and survival of Antarctic Phaeocystis and diatoms. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 7 53-69

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Davidson A.T., Bramich D., Marchant H.J., McMinn A. 1994 Effects of UV-B irradiation on growth and survival of Antarctic marine diatoms. Marine Biology 119 507-515

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J. 1994 Biological impacts of seasonal ozone depletion. Hempel G. Antarctic Science - Global Concerns. 95-109

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Franklin D.C., Marchant H.J. 1995 Parmales in sediments of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: a new biofacies and paleoenvironmental indicator of cold water deposition? Micropaleontology 41 1 89-94

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J. 1998 Life in the snow: algae, fungi and bacteria. Green K. Snow, a natural history: an uncertain future 83-97

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Mayes D., Rogerson A., Marchant H.J., Laybourn-Parry J. 1997 Growth and consumption rates of bactivorous Antarctic naked marine amoebae. Marine Ecology Progress Series

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Mayes D., Rogerson A., Marchant H.J., Laybourn-Parry J. 1998 Temporal abundance of naked bactivore amoebae in coastal East Antarctica. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Science 46 565-572

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Hodgson D.A., Wright S.W., Davies N., Tyler P.A. 1998 Mass spectrometry and reverse-phase HPLC techniques for the identification of degraded fossil pigments in lake sediments and their application in paleolimnology. Journal of Paleolimnology

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Jeffrey S.W., Mantoura R.F.C., Wright S.W. 1997 Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: Guidelines to modern methods. 661

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Wright S.W., Jeffrey S.W., Mantoura R.F.C., Llewellyn C.A., Bjornland T., Repeta D., Welschmeyer N. 1991 Improved HPLC method for the analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 77 183-196

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Davidson A.T., Marchant H.J. 1992 Protist abundance and carbon concentration during a Phaeocystis -dominated bloom at an Antarctic coastal site. Polar Biology 12 387-395

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Chiba S., Ishimaru T., Hosie G.W., Wright S.W. 1999 Population structure change of Salpa thompsoni from austral mid-summer to autumn. Polar Biology 22 341-349

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Daugbjerg N., Marchant H.J., Thomsen H.A. 2000 Life history stages of Pyramimonas tychotreta (Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta), a marine flagellate from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Phycological Research 48 199-209

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Trevena A., Jones G.B., Wright S.W., van den Enden R.L. 2003 Profiles of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), algal pigments, nutrients, and salinity in the fast ice of Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 14-11

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Zapata M., Jeffrey S.W., Wright S.W., Rodriguez F., Garrido J.L., Clementson L. 2004 Photosynthetic pigments in 37 species (65 strains) of Haptophyta: implications for oceanography and chemotaxonomy. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 270 83-102

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Thomson P.G, Nichols P., Wright S., Skerratt J., McMInn A. 2004 Molecular taxonomy, pigment and lipid composition and Antarctic distribution of the brine dinoflagellate, (Polarella glacialis. Journal of Phycology 40 867-873

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Thomson P.G., Wright S.W., Bolch C.J.S., Nichols D., Skerratt J.H., McMinn A. 2004 Antarctic distribution,pigment and lipid composition, and molecular identification of the brine dinoflagellate Polarella glacialis (Dinophyceae) Journal of Phycology 40 867-873

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Beaumont K.L., Nash G.V., Davidson A.T. 2002 Ultrastructure, morphology and flux of microzooplankton faecal pellets in an east Antarctic fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245 133-148

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Gabric A.J., Cropp R., Hirst T., Marchant H.J. 2003 The sensitivity of dimethyl sulfide production to simulated climate change in the Eastern Antarctic Southern Ocean. Tellus 55B 966-981

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Savoye N., Dehairs F., Elskens M., Cardinal D., Kopczynska E.E., Trull T.W., Wright S., Aaeyens W., Griffiths F.B. 2004 Regional variation of spring N-uptake and new production in the Southern Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 31 L03301 doi:10.1029/2003GL018946

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Davidson A.T., Wright S.W. 2001 Antarctic Marine Microorganisms and Climate Change: Impacts and Feedbacks Ocean and Polar Research 23 4 401-410

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Ishikawa A., Wright S.W., van den Enden R., Davidson A.T., Marchant H.J. 2002 Abundance, size structure and community composition of phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean in the austral summer 1999/2000. Polar Bioscience 15 11-26

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Hosie G. 2004 Tackling fundamental issues in Southern Ocean plankton ecology - Japan and Australia's collaborative achievements. Plankton Biology and Ecology 51 2 57-70

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: de Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S., Botes L., Nash G., Wright S.W., Hallegraeff G.M. 2003 Takayama Gen. Nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), A new genus of unarmored dinoflagellates with sigmoid apical grooves, including the description of two new species. Journal of Phycology 39 1233-1246

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Trevena A.J., Jones G.B., Wright S.W., van den Enden R.L. 2000 DMSP distribution profiles and production in pack ice from eastern Antarctica Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 43 265-273

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Hodgson D.A., Wright S.W., Tyler P.A., Davies N. 1998 A paleolimnological study of algal and bacterial communities in meromictic Lake Fidler, south west Tasmania, using reverse-phase HPLC and Mass Spectrometry and its application to lake management. Journal Paleolimnology 19 1-22

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Jeffrey S.W., Wright S.W., Zapata M. 1999 Recent advances in HPLC pigment analysis of phytoplankton. Marine and Freshwater Research 50 879-896

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J. 1983 Marine phytoplankton: food for krill Australian Fisheries 47 7 24-25

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Popp B.N., Trull T., Kenig F., Wakeham S.G., Rust T.M., Tilbrook B., Griffiths F.B., Wright S.W., Marchant H.J., Bidigare R.R., Laws E.A. 1999 Controls on the carbon isotopic composition of Southern Ocean phytoplankton. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13 4 827-843

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Thomson P.G., McMinn A., Kiessling I., Watson M., Goldsworthy P.M. 2005 Composition and succession of dinoflagellates and chrysophytes in the upper fast ice of Davis Station, East Antarctica. Polar Biology 29 337-345

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Scott F.J., Marchant H.J. 2005 Antarctic Marine Protists Hobart Autstralian Biological Resources Study, Canberra and Australian Antarctic Division 563

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Jeffrey S.W., Wright S.W. 2006 Photosynthetic pigments in marine microalgae: Insights from cultures and the sea. Subba Rao D.V. Algal Cultures, Analogues of Blooms and Applications 34-90

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Davidson A.T 2006 Effects of ultraviolet radiation on microalgal growth, survival and production. Rao S.D.V. Algal Cultures, Analogues of Blooms and Applications 2 715-767

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Buma A.G.J., Wright S.W., van den Enden R., van de Poll W.H., Davidson A.T. 2006 PAR acclimation and UVBR-induced DNA damage in Antarctic marine microalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 315 33-42

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Marchant H.J., Bowman J., Gibson J., Laybourn-Parry J., McMinn A. 2002 Aquatic microbiology: the ANARE perspective. Marchant H.J., Lugg D.J., Quilty P.G. Australian Antarctic Science The first 50 years of ANARE 237-269

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Nunez M., Davidson A.T., Michael K. 2006 Modelled effects of ambient UV radiation on a natural Antarctic marine microbial community. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 42 75-90

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Wright S.W., Jeffrey S.W. 2005 Pigment markers for phytoplankton production. Volkman J. Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA 71-104 ISBN-10 30540-28401-X

Supplemental_Information:

REFERENCE: Pearce I., Davidson A.T., Bell E.M., Wright S. 2007 Seasonal changes in the concentration and metabolic activity of bacteria and viruses at an Antarctic coastal site Aquatic Microbial Ecology 47 11-23

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19940102

Ending_Date: Unknown

Currentness_Reference:Unknown

Status:

Progress: In Work

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed

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Description_of_Geographic_Extent:

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West_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.0

East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180.0

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Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION > ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > VEGETATION > CHLOROPHYLL

Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > PROTISTS

Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > PLANKTON > PHYTOPLANKTON

Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > PIGMENTS > CHLOROPHYLL

Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > OCEAN CHEMISTRY > CHLOROPHYLL

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Theme_Keyword: Carotenoids

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Theme_Keyword: Chlorophyll

Theme_Keyword: Chlorophyll A

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Place_Keyword: OCEAN > SOUTHERN OCEAN

Place_Keyword: CONTINENT > ANTARCTICA

Place_Keyword: GEOGRAPHIC REGION > POLAR

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This data set conforms to the PICCCBY Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Please follow instructions listed in the citation reference provided at http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/citation.cfm?entry_id=ASAC_40 when using these data.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: SIMON WRIGHT

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: ANDREW TIMOTHY DAVIDSON

Contact_Position: INVESTIGATOR

Contact_Position: TECHNICAL CONTACT

Contact_Position: INVESTIGATOR

Contact_Position: TECHNICAL CONTACT

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Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address

Address: Australian Antarctic Division

Address: 203 Channel Highway

City: Kingston

State_or_Province: Tasmania

Postal_Code: 7050

Country: Australia

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Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address

Address: Australian Antarctic Division

Address: 203 Channel Highway

City: Kingston

State_or_Province: Tasmania

Postal_Code: 7050

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Contact_Voice_Telephone: +61 3 6232 3338

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Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: +61 6232 3351

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: simon.wright@aad.gov.au

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: andrew.davidson@aad.gov.au

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Address: Australian Antarctic Division

Address: 203 Channel Highway

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Metadata_Date: 20080702

Metadata_Review_Date: 20121106

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Contact_Person: DAVE CONNELL

Contact_Position: DIF AUTHOR

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Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address

Address: Australian Antarctic Division

Address: 203 Channel Highway

City: Kingston

State_or_Province: Tasmania

Postal_Code: 7050

Country: Australia

Contact_Voice_Telephone: +61 3 6232 3244

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: +61 3 6232 3351

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