Global Change Master Directorygsfc-gcmduso@mail.nasa.gov502013-05-22T09:30:10ZGCMD Search: Parameters|AGRICULTURE|SOILS|CALCIUMhttp://mddemo.gsfc.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/OpenSearch.do 50 0 http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]NASA_LIS_DATANASA Land Information System (LIS) Data Sets-180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.02012-09-04T04:00:00ZThe Land Information System (LIS) provides collection of sample data for
demonstration of LIS code. The original source of each data set is given
whenever possible. LIS does not endorse the validity, ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_WISE5by5min_ver1-1ISRIC-WISE derived soil properties on a 5 by 5 arc-minutes global grid (ver. 1.2)-180.0,-67.0,180.0,84.01960-01-01T00:00:00Z2000-12-31T00:00:00Z2012-08-22T04:00:00ZVersion 1.2 describes a harmonized dataset of derived soil properties for the world. It was created using the soil distribution shown on the 1:5 million scale FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World (DSMW) ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]Africa_Soil_Profiles_Database_Ver1_0Africa Soil Profiles Database, Version 1.0.-20.0,-35.0,52.0,20.01938-01-01T00:00:00Z2010-12-31T00:00:00Z2012-05-31T04:00:00ZThe Africa Soil Profiles Database, Version 1.0, was compiled by ISRIC - World Soil Information as a project activity for the Globally integrated- Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) project (www.africasoils.net/data/legacyprofile). ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_WISE_GlobalProfileDataSet_ver1_1ISRIC-WISE -- Global Soil Profile Data (ver. 3.1)-180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.01960-01-01T00:00:00Z2002-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-10-18T04:00:00ZVersion 3.1 of the ISRIC-WISE database (WISE3) was compiled from a wide range of soil profile data collected by many soil professionals worldwide. All profiles have been harmonized with respect to ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTER_Cuba_primarySoil and Terrain Database for Cuba, primary data (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Cuba)-85.0,19.9,-74.3,23.32011-09-19T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for Cuba primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Cuba), was compiled of enhanced soil informtion within the framework of the FAO's program Land Degradation ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_WISE30by30min_v3ISRIC-WISE -- Global data set of derived soil properties on a 0.5 by 0.5 degree grid (ver. 3.0)-180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.01960-01-01T00:00:00Z2000-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-09-12T04:00:00ZThis harmonized, gridded global data set of soil parameter estimates includes files listing: (1) soil parameter estimates for the component soil units of each terrestrial grid cell, in un-binned format, ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISbrazilSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Brazil (ver. 1.0)-73.985535,-33.750706,-34.790123,5.2648771960-01-01T00:00:00Z2003-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-09-12T04:00:00ZThis dataset presents harmonized soil parameter estimates for Brazil. The 1:5M scale Soil and Terrain Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (FAO et al. 1998), provided the basis for the current ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISigpIndiaSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India (ver. 1.0)73.49997,21.535212,92.19179,32.223411972-01-01T00:00:00Z1982-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-09-12T04:00:00ZThis harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, at scale 1:1 000 000, has been derived from soil and terrain data collated in SOTER format by staff of ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTERLAC_primary_ver2Soil and Terrain Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (version 2.0) - scale 1:5 million (SOTERLAC)-118.4539,-55.9795,-34.79012,32.716762011-09-12T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SOTERLAC), version 2.0, at scale 1:5 million, replaces version 1.02. The update includes changes in the GIS file and in the attributes ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTER_Nepal_primarySoil and Terrain Database for Nepal (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Nepal)80.0,26.5,88.5,30.52011-09-12T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for Nepal primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Nepal). SOTER_Nepal is generalized from the original Soils and Terrain database of Nepal at scale 1:50,000 ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTER_Senegal_primarySoil and Terrain Database for Senegal and the Gambia (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Senegal_Gambia)-17.6,12.4,-11.4,16.72011-09-12T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for Senegal and The Gambia primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Senegal_Gambia), was compiled of enhanced soil information within the framework of ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTER_South_Africa_primarySoil and Terrain Database for South Africa (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_South_Africa)16.5,-34.9,33.0,-22.32011-09-12T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for South Africa primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_South_Africa), was compiled of enhanced soil information within the framework of the FAO's program ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTERSAF_primary_ver1Soil and Terrain Database for Southern Africa (version 1.0) - scale 1:2 million (SOTERSAF)11.679219,-34.83983,40.842995,-0.990742011-09-12T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for Southern Africa (SOTERSAF version 1.0), at scale 1:2 million, include the spatial and soil attribute data for 8 Southern African countries. The SOTERSAF database ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTER_Tunisia_primarySoil and Terrain Database for Tunisia primary data (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Tunisia)7.5,30.2,11.65,37.42011-09-12T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for Tunisia primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_Tunisia), was compiled of enhanced soil information within the framework of the FAO's program of Land ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]SOTWIS_TunisiaSoil property estimates for Tunisia derived from SOTER and WISE (SOTWIS-Tunisia, ver. 1.0)7.5,30.2,11.6,37.41963-01-01T00:00:00Z2004-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-09-12T04:00:00ZThis datasets describes a harmonized set of soil property estimates for Tunisia. It has been derived from the 1:1 million scale Soil and Terrain Database for the country (SOTER_TN, ver. 1.0) and the ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISjordanSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Jordan (ver. 1.0)34.96,29.19,39.32,33.381990-01-01T00:00:00Z1992-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-09-09T04:00:00ZThis harmonized set of soil parameter estimates has been developed using an updated 1:500 000 scale Soil and Terrain (SOTER) Database for Jordan. The associated soil analytical data were derived from ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_IGBP-DIS-PTFsetIGBP-DIS soil data set for pedotransfer function development-180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.01970-01-01T00:00:00Z1996-08-01T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis uniform soil data set for the development of pedotransfer functions was developed at the request of the Global Soil Data Task (GSDT) of the Data and Information System (DIS) of the International ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_WISE_GlobalProfileDataSet_ver3_1ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset (ver. 3.1)-180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.01925-01-10T00:00:00Z2005-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZVersion 3.1 of the ISRIC-WISE database (WISE3) was compiled from a wide range of soil profile data collected by many soil professionals worldwide. All profiles have been harmonized with respect to ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWIScafSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Central Africa - DR of Congo, Burundi and Rwanda (ver. 1.0)12.206631,-13.455676,31.305758,5.3860981950-01-01T00:00:00Z2002-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Central Africa, comprising Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, was derived from the Soil and Terrain Database for Central ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISceEuropeSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Central and Eastern Europe (ver. 2.0)12.1,41.25,40.22,59.691950-01-01T00:00:00Z2003-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Central and Eastern Europe has been derived from a revised version of the 1:2.5M Soil and Terrain (SOTER) Database for Central and Eastern Europe ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISkenyaSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Kenya (ver. 1.0)33.94069,-4.69259,41.88383,5.3845881970-01-01T00:00:00Z2003-03-12T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis harmonized data set has been derived from the Soil and Terrain Database for Kenya (KENSOTER), at scale 1:1M, compiled by the Kenya Soil Survey. The land surface of the Republic of Kenya - excluding ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISlacSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Latin America and the Caribbean (ver. 1.0)-118.45395,-55.979496,-34.790123,32.716761950-01-01T00:00:00Z2002-12-31T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Latin America and the Caribbean was derived from a revised version of the 1:5M Soil and Terrain Database for the region (SOTERLAC, ver. 2.0) and ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTWISsafSOTER-based soil parameter estimates for Southern Africa (ver. 1.0)11.679219,-34.83983,40.842995,-0.990741970-01-01T00:00:00Z2003-06-01T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Southern Africa has been derived from the 1:2M scale Soil and Terrain Database for Southern Africa (SOTERSAF ver. 1.0) and ISRIC-WISE soil profile ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTER_China_primarySoil and Terrain Database Soil for China primary data (version 1.0) - scale 1:1 million (SOTER_China)74.0,18.0,135.0,54.02011-08-30T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain database for China primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_China), was compiled of enhanced soil information within the framework of the FAO's program of Land ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOVEUR_primary_ver1Soil and Terrain Database for Central and Eastern Europe (version 1.1) - scale 1:2.5 million (SOVEUR)12.096195,41.188866,66.11553,70.02011-08-30T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrain Database(SOTER)was part of the Soil Degradation and Vulnerability Assessment for Central and Eastern Europe(SOVEUR project)and was implemented within the framework of the Food ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ISRIC_SOTERCAF_primary_VER1Soil and Terrain Database of Central Africa - SOTERCAF - (Democratic Republic of Congo 1:2 million and Burundi and Rwanda 1:1 million scale)12.206631,-13.455676,31.305758,5.3860982011-08-30T04:00:00ZThe Soil and Terrrain database of Central Africa (SOTERCAF, version 1.0) was compiled at scale 1:2 million for the Democratic Republic of Congo and at scale 1:1 million for Rwanda and Burundi. The ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]SOTWIS_Upper_Tana_KenyaSoil property estimates for the Upper Tana river catchment, Kenya, derived from SOTER and WISE (ver. 1.1)37.463,-1.168,37.908,0.3231975-01-01T00:00:00Z2010-04-01T00:00:00Z2011-08-30T04:00:00ZThis data set describes a harmonized set of soil property estimates for the Upper Tana river catchment, Kenya. The data set was derived from the 1:250 000 scale Soil and Terrain Database for the Upper ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]CNDP-ESP_GEOANT-UAM_Geomorphology-Soils-PermafrostData on geomorphology, soils and permafrost in the Antarctic Peninsula region.-68.1,-67.6,-44.3,-60.51991-12-30T00:00:00Z2008-02-20T00:00:00Z2009-09-23T04:00:00ZIn English:
Data on geomorphology, soils and permafrost in the Antarctic Peninsula region from projects of the research group on geology of the University Autonoma of Madrid (GEOANT).
General geomorphology, ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]USGS_OFR_2008_1306Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations in Soils from Northern California: Results from the Geochemical Landscapes Project Pilot Study-128.0,33.0,-118.0,42.02008-10-17T04:00:00ZIn 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), and the Mexican Geological Survey (Servicio Geologico Mexicano, or SGM) initiated pilot studies in preparation for ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]CSIRO.TRC.EM89EM89 - Pinus radiata Plantation Organic Matter Experiment, Austrailia140.0,-39.0,142.0,-37.01985-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-06-12T04:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1985. The site was previously a native
eucalypt forest, but has been a Pinus radiata plantation for 47 years.
There are four treatments as follows: 1) Slash and ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[CANADA-CGDI]CLBRR.CEF.AGR.WoodsleeWoodslee Tile Runoff Rotation Experiment-82.74,42.21,-82.73,42.221959-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-05-14T04:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1959 at cool temperate site in Canada. The
measurments made (data available), methodology, and frequency are as
follows:
a) Vegetation measurements ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]HUB.IFP.DIIILong Term Land Use Experiment (DIII, Berlin-Dahlem/Germany), Soil Organic Matter Network13.2,52.4,13.4,52.51923-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1923. The land uses in the project are:
1923-66 "free" rotation, 50% cereals,50% non-cereals; since 1967 4
year rotation either fodder beet,winter wheat,potatoes,winter wheat ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]WAU.StaticLong-term Static Fertilizer Experiments in Skierniewice, Poland20.15,51.95,20.17,51.971923-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1923 at a site that was in arable crops from
the 18th century. The original ecosystem (before cropping) was a
forest. The experiment consists of the following land use and ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]UI.MorrowMorrow Plots, Long Term Agriculutral Experiment, Illinois-88.24,40.0,-88.2,40.21876-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThe exact origin of the Morrow plots on the campus of the University
of Illinois is obscure, but they are reputed to be the oldest
continuous agronomic research study in the USA. Some evidence
indicates ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]RICP.PrahaPraha - Ruzyne, Czech Republic, Long Term Soil Organic Metter/Cropping Experiment14.3,50.08,14.4,50.091956-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1956 at a cold temperate boreal site. The
location is an arable farm field, several hundred years under
cultivation. The soil at the site is described as a Medudalf.
The ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]UMO.SanbornSanborn Field, Long Term Crop / Soil Organic Matter Experiment-93.34,38.94,-93.33,38.961888-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experimnet began in 1888 at a cool temperate site. The site was used as
pasture up until 1886, corn was grown 1887 and 1888. the soil is described as
Mexico series (fine montmorillonitic, mesic ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]RAS.SCG.DryMeadowSoil Changes Over Time Within a Dry Meadow, Long Term Soil Organic Matter Study, Russia37.16,55.41,37.17,55.421965-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1965. The present cutting meadow was formed
on land that was ploughed in 1890-1900, then used only for hay harvest
without any treatment. The soil at the site developed on ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]SAC.SouthRoadSouth Road Tillage, Long Term Soil Organic Matter Cropping Experiment, Scotland-8.0,54.0,1.0,61.01967-01-01T00:00:00Z1992-12-31T00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZCollection of data for this data set began in 1967. The Data are
collected at a cool temperate site which had mixed arable cropping for
many years. The crops were: springbarley 1967-1983; winter ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]UFZ.SOMStatischer Duengungsversuch Bad Lauchstaedt, Long Term Soil Organic Matter Crop Experiment, Germany11.88,51.39,11.89,51.51902-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1902 at a Cool Temperate site in Germany.
The parent material of the soil is loess which was deposited during
the Weischel ice age as a 120-150 cm thick layer over calcareous ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]NSWAG.C1Tillage Systems/Cropping Sequences Trial C 1, Long Term Soil Organic Matter Study, Australia149.0,-31.0,151.0,-29.01985-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis project began in 1985 at a Warm Temperate SubTropical site in
Australia. The soil at the site is classified as a Vertisol. There
are four rotations: cotton-cotton (until 1991), wheat-cotton ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ZAAS.CerealTriple Cereal Cropping and Soil Organic Matter Long-term Experiment, China121.26,28.08,121.27,28.091974-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2008-01-31T05:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1974 at a Warm Temperate SubTropical site in
China. The soil was developed from marine deposits but had desalted
after long-term cropping and classified as Entisols (Hydric ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]PSU_CONUS_SOILCONUS Soil Database for the Conterminous United States-136.0,19.0,-50.0,57.02006-08-18T04:00:00ZCONUS-SOIL is a multi-layer soil characteristics data set for the conterminous
United States which has been specifically designed for regional and
continental-scale climate, hydrology, and ecosystem ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EUSOILS_ESDBEuropean Soil Database V2 Raster Library -1km x 1km-22.0,33.0,68.0,85.02006-07-20T04:00:00ZThe European Soil Database (ESDB) is the main source of information from which
most other data information and services are derived. For instance, the
European Soil Database v2 Raster Library contains ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]IACR.ParkGrassPark Grass Hay Experiment, Long Term Soil Organic Matter Study-0.36,51.81,-0.34,51.821856-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2006-05-11T04:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1856 at a cool temperate grassland site that
was probably grazed for several centuries before the experiment
started. A uniformity trial was carried out for several years ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]IACR.WoburnWoburn Ley-Arable Long Term Soil Organic Matter/Cropping Experiment-0.7,52.03,-0.5,52.041938-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2006-05-11T04:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1938 at a cool temperate site in
England. There are 3 soil series present on the experiment. Cottenham,
brown sand on Lower Greensand. Lowlands, colluvial brown earth in
sandy ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]IACR.WoburnMarketWoburn Market Garden Long Term Soil Organic Matter/Cropping Experiment-0.61,52.03,-0.59,52.041942-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2006-05-11T04:00:00ZThis experiment began in 1942 at a cool temperate site. The Land use
and treatments in the project are as follows:
Land use: 4 categories: 1. 1942-1961; 2. 1942-1967; 3. 1967-1972; 4.
1942-present. ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]USGS_EDNAElevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA)-177.1,13.71,-61.48,76.632006-04-10T04:00:00ZThe Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) is a multi-layered
database derived from a version of the National Elevation Dataset (NED), which
has been hydrologically conditioned for ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LandISDigital Soil Information for England and Wales-8.41,49.49,2.39,59.072005-11-01T05:00:00ZThe National Soil Resources Institute incorporates the former Soil Survey and
Land Research Centre and as a result maintains all the published and
unpublished paper soil reports and maps for England ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LTER_HBR006Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)/HBR006: Soil Solution Chemistry in an Undisturbed Northern Hardwood Forest-71.0,44.0,-71.0,44.01984-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2004-02-24T05:00:00ZLTER - Long-Term Ecological Research Program/Hubbard Brook
Experimental Forest (HBEF).
LTER/HBR006:
Soil solutions are collected in zero tension lysimeters at the three
elevations near watershed ...http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]OAU.NigeriaNitrogen Fertilizer Trials In Nigeria, SOMNET Long Term Soil Organic Matter Database4.0,7.08,6.0,7.091971-01-01T00:00:00ZT00:00:00Z2003-09-12T04:00:00ZThis experiment was started at a tropical location in 1971 on a site that was
originally undisturbed rainforest. The site was secondary forest
before the experiment began, and has been under its ...